with great impacts on the lives of human beings. Industrial engineers have made immense contributions in diverse systems such as telecommunications, healthcare, transportation, oil and mineral exploration, etc. This technological development has enabled the industrial engineering professional to collect and analyse massive amounts of data to scale previously not possible. Recent advances in computer technology have provided the tools and the environment for the industrial engineer to study, analyse, and better understand complex systems. Results support the proposed pitch-window hypothesis, but are inconsistent with both enhanced processing and predictive coding accounts of the oddball effect. Identical 700 Hz probe oddballs were perceived to be shorter in duration in the wide pitch-window condition than in the narrow pitch-window condition (Experiments 1 and 2), even when matching the overall frequency range of oddballs across conditions (Experiment 2). In both pitch-window conditions, probe oddballs were presented with low likelihood at pitches that were either within or outside the frequency range established by the standard and anchor tones. Participants were randomly assigned to either a wide or narrow pitch-window condition, in which an anchor oddball was presented with high likelihood at either a far pitch (850 Hz) or a near pitch (550 Hz), respectively.
For both experiments, participants listened to isochronous sequences consisting of a series of 400 Hz fixed-duration standard tones with an embedded oddball tone that differed in pitch and judged whether the variable-duration oddball was shorter or longer than the standard. The present study tested a pitch-window explanation of the auditory oddball effect on perceived duration in two experiments. Unexpected oddball stimuli embedded within a series of otherwise identical standard stimuli tend to be overestimated in duration.
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